What’s an Herb Garden?

Herbs have long been valued for their usefulness. With so many applications — medicinal, culinary, aromatic, and more — no 19th-century garden was considered complete without a variety of these versatile plants!

Chives, sage, lavender, sweet basil, lemon balm, thyme, savory, and peppermint — these were the herbs most often found outside the kitchen door of homes in Ontario. Hence the term “door-yard” gardens!

Our herb garden at The Village at Black Creek includes medicinal and culinary herbs typically incorporated into “door-yard” or flower gardens of the 19th century.

kitchen garden at Burwick House in The Village at Black Creek — A “door-yard” kitchen garden at the **Burwick House**.

Herb Garden History

The useful properties of herbs were discovered centuries ago, by observing what parts of certain plants would be eaten by sick animals.

Archaeological research has shown that humans were using herbs tens of thousands of years ago, mainly to hide their scent while hunting.

Indigenous peoples in what is now Canada collectively used more than 1,000 different plants for food, medicine, and materials, as well as in cultural rituals and mythology.

Many of these traditional uses of plants have been incorporated into modern life.

Indigenous peoples have identified more than 400 different species of plants with medicinal applications (Source: The Canadian Encyclopedia).

The ancient Greeks also used herbs to treat various diseases, and passed along this knowledge in a book called De Materia Medica, written in 50-70 CE by Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician serving in the Roman army.

This book was read for 1,500 years until a revised version emerged during the Renaissance. It contains information about approximately 600 different herbs, and more than 1,000 remedies.

page from the 6th century book De Materia Medica — Pages from 6th century De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides.

page from a 13th century Arabic edition of the book De Materia Medica — Physician preparing an elixir. From an Islamic version of De Materia Medica (1224 CE).

With the rise of Christianity, the knowledge of herbs’ usefulness was diminished by the Church. However, monks helped to gather information and continued to spread the word about medicinal herbs, and monastic herb gardens flourished in the Middle Ages.

Herb gardens also began to rise around apothecary shops.

medieval illustration of a monk tending a monastic garden — Collecting plants in a monastic garden, from ‘Kreuterbuch, von natürlichem Nutz, und gründtlichem Gebrauch der Kreutter’, 1550

In the 16th century, early European settlers to North America were impressed with the therapeutic knowledge of Indigenous peoples, who were versed in the wide diversity of plant uses.

The cultivation of herbs spread among the settlers, and different forms of herb gardens began to emerge.

By the 18th and 19th century, herbs had become part of the home “kitchen” or “door-yard” garden.

Herb Garden Design

Although herb gardens are planted primarily for their usefulness rather than their visual appeal, there is still an aesthetic element to the design.

Smaller “herber” gardens in the 13th century were places of beauty. It was often recommended that the lawn at the centre of the garden be surrounded by borders of sweet-smelling herbs, like basil and sage.

These “herber” gardens had an intimate quality that we still associate with modern herb gardens.

illustration of a 13th-century monastery herb garden — Illustration of a 13th-century monastery herb garden.

The type of design commonly used today follows a 15th-century design featuring rectangular beds.

Arranging the beds in a simple grid pattern allows for easy access to cultivate and harvest herbs and to rotate short-lived crops and annuals. It combines form and function in a way that is also visually pleasing!

herb garden at The Village at Black Creek features pattern of rectangular beds

herb garden beds arranged in rectangular pattern

The herb garden at The Village between the Harness Shop and Laskay Emporium. Select images to view full-sized.

Garden Lingo & Life Cycles

Annual Plant
An annual plant is one that completes an entire life cycle in one growing season. Once it dies back it will not re-emerge.

A similar category is a biennial plant, which germinates in one growing season and then flowers the following year. After it flowers it dies and will not re-emerge.

Perennial Plant
A perennial plant is one that returns year after year. Some perennials die back to the ground altogether, and new shoots emerge from the crown. Others are semi-evergreen and experience some annual tip die-back, or develop slightly woody stems over time.

diagram depicting life cycles of annual and perennial plants — The life cycles of annual and perennial plants. Source: **Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)**.

Perennial Herbs in The Village Herb Garden

Common Name	Botanical Name	Plant Family	Culinary	Medicinal
Anise hyssop	Agastache foeniculum	Lamiaceae	–	YES
Beebalm	Monarda didyma	Lamiaceae	YES	YES
Chives	Allium schoenoprasum	Alliaceae	YES	–
Horehound	Marrubium vulgare	Lamiaceae	–	YES
Horseradish	Armoracia rusticana	Brassicaceae	YES	–
Lavender	Lavandula angustifolia	Lamiaceae	YES	YES
Lemon balm	Melissa officinalis	Lamiaceae	–	YES
Lovage	Levisticum officinale	Apiaceae	YES	–
Purple winter savory	Satureja montana sssp. illyrica	Lamiaceae	YES	–
Sage	Salvia officinalis	Lamiaceae	YES	YES
Spearmint	Mentha spicata	Lamiaceae	YES	YES
Tarragon	Artemisia dracunculus	Asteraceae	YES	–
Thyme	Thymus vulgaris	Lamiaceae	YES	–
Winter savory	Satureja hortensis	Lamiaceae	YES	–

A herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study. Illustrated here are examples of sage, southern wormwood, and thyme — perennial herbs from The Village at Black Creek garden collection. Select images to view full-sized.

Annual Herbs in The Village Herb Garden

Common Name	Botanical Name	Plant Family	Culinary	Medicinal
Basil	Ocimum basilicum	Lamiaceae	YES	–
Cilantro	Coriandrum sativum	Apiaceae	YES	–
Curly parsley	Petroselinum crispum	Apiaceae	YES	–
Dill	Anethum graveolens	Apiaceae	YES	–
Lemon verbena	Aloysia citrodora	Verbenaceae	YES	YES
Marjoram	Orignaum majorana	Lamiaceae	YES	–
Rosemary	Rosmarinus officinalis	Lamiaceae	YES	–

Dill and rosemary Illustrations.

Culinary and Medicinal Herbs

Most herbs have both culinary and medicinal uses, and come from plants that may be used both for their leaves (as herbs) and for their seeds (as spices).

Culinary herbs are aromatic, edible plants used in small amounts to add flavour to dishes. These include thyme, marjoram, winter savory, and sage.

Their clean scents made these herbs desirable: anything that smelled clean was thought to promote good health.

Medicinal herbs have been used in healing traditions around the world from the earliest beginnings of humankind. When Europeans and other newcomers arrived in Canada, they quickly learned about and adopted many of the plant medicines used by Indigenous peoples.

Medicinal plants contain a range of diverse organic compounds that vary depending on the life cycle stage and genetic makeup of the plant, as well as on environmental issues such as weather or proximity to other plants growing nearby.

The specific compounds may interact in different ways to produce therapeutic effects. Sometimes, simply breathing in a plant’s scent can be healing!

lavender plants — Did you know that lavender is a highly effective bug repellent? It can protect other plants from certain pests and creepy crawlers as well.

Want to start your own herb garden? Follow the instructions in our Get Hands-on at Home tutorial to create a container herb garden at home!

» Experience the Village

Exploring The Village Herb Garden